Write the differences between the following- a) Copyrights and Patents b) Plagiarism and Copyright infringement c) Non-ethical hacking and Ethical hacking d) Active and Passive footprints e) Free software and Free and open source software

Write the differences between the following-

a) Copyrights and Patents

b) Plagiarism and Copyright infringement

c) Non-ethical hacking and Ethical hacking

d) Active and Passive footprints

e) Free software and Free and open source software

Here are the requested differences:

a) Copyrights and Patents

• Copyrights:

  • Purpose: Protects the expression of ideas (e.g., literary and artistic works).

  • Scope: Covers writings, software code, music, photographs, etc.

  • Duration: Typically lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.

  • Automatic Protection: Granted automatically when the work is created.

• Patents:

  • Purpose: Protects inventions and tangible products.

  • Scope: Covers new inventions or discoveries in technology.

  • Duration: Usually lasts for 20 years from the filing date.

  • Application Required: Requires a formal application and review process.

b) Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement

• Plagiarism:

  • Definition: Using someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution.

  • Scope: An ethical issue, mainly in academics and writing.

  • Enforcement: Policed by educational institutions, publishers, and employers.

  • Penalty: Can result in disciplinary actions, reputational damage.

• Copyright Infringement:

  • Definition: Using copyrighted material without permission.

  • Scope: A legal issue that violates the copyright holder's exclusive rights.

  • Enforcement: Enforced through legal channels, courts.

  • Penalty: Can result in lawsuits, fines, and injunctions.

c) Non-ethical Hacking and Ethical Hacking

• Non-ethical Hacking:

  • Intent: Performed for malicious purposes such as stealing data or damaging systems.

  • Actors: Often referred to as black hat hackers or crackers.

  • Legal Status: Illegal and punishable under cybercrime laws.

• Ethical Hacking:

  • Intent: Aims to identify and fix vulnerabilities to improve security.

  • Actors: Known as white hat hackers.

  • Legal Status: Legal and often performed as part of security assessments.

d) Active and Passive Footprints

• Active Footprints:

  • Creation: Intentional data submitted online (e.g., social media posts, emails).

  • User Awareness: Created knowingly by the user.

• Passive Footprints:

  • Creation: Unintentional data generated while browsing or using apps.

  • User Awareness: Often created without the user's explicit knowledge.

e) Free Software and Free and Open Source Software

• Free Software:

  • Definition: Software that can be used, studied, modified, and distributed freely.

  • Philosophy: Emphasizes users' freedom to control and modify software.

• Free and Open Source Software (FOSS):

  • Definition: Similar to free software but also provides access to the source code.

  • Philosophy: Emphasizes collaboration and sharing improvements with the community.

  • Examples: Linux, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice.

Each concept plays a vital role in understanding digital rights, ethics, and best practices in the digital world.