Structural Organisation in Animals - Class 11 Biology - Chapter 7 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Structural Organisation in Animals | NCERT | Biology | Class 11
How many germ layers are present in the embryo of a highly advanced animal?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 1"
The correct answer is:
B) 3
In the embryonic development of highly advanced animals, three germ layers are present. These layers are:
Ectoderm: forms the skin and nervous system
Mesoderm: develops into muscles, bones, and circulatory systems
Endoderm: becomes the digestive system and other internal organs
Each germ layer is crucial for the proper development of differentiated tissues in complex animals.
Protochordata marks the evolution of a new type in the body structure. How?
A) By presence of notochord
B) By separating nervous tissue from the gut
C) By developing a circulatory system
D) None of the above.
The correct answer is: Option A: By presence of notochord
Protochordates represent a significant evolutionary development due to the presence of a notochord at some stage in their life cycle. Although the notochord does play a role in differentiating nervous tissue from the gut, its presence is deemed crucial in evolutionary biology, marking a pivotal advancement in body structure complexity.
How many types of intestines do we have?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 1
The correct answer is A) 2.
Humans possess two types of intestines: the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine is primarily responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The large intestine, on the other hand, mainly focuses on the absorption of water and further nutrients.
Which of the following organisms have an exoskeleton?
A Nereis
B Pheretima
C Leech
D Housefly
The correct answer is D) Housefly.
Nereis, Pheretima (also known as earthworm), and Leech are classified as annelids, which do not have an exoskeleton. On the other hand, a Housefly belongs to the arthropods, which are known for having an exoskeleton. The exoskeleton in arthropods is primarily composed of chitin, a carbohydrate that provides robustness and water resistance, protecting the insect from desiccation (drying out).
Which of the following statements are incorrect about Phylum Platyhelminthes?
A. Mesoglea is present in between ectoderm and endoderm in Obelia.
B. Radial symmetry is found in Asterias.
C. Fasciola is a pseudocoelomate animal.
D. Taenia is a triploblastic animal.
The statements about Phylum Platyhelminthes that are incorrect include:
A: "Mesoglea is present in between ectoderm and endoderm in Obelia."
This statement is incorrect because mesoglea is characteristic of Cnidarians like Obelia and not Platyhelminthes.
C: "Fasciola is a pseudocoelomate animal."
This statement is incorrect because Fasciola, which is a liver fluke, belongs to Phylum Platyhelminthes and these organisms are acoelomates, meaning they do not have a body cavity.
The statement D ("Taenia is a triploblastic animal.") is actually correct as Taenia (a tapeworm) belongs to Platyhelminthes, which are triploblastic, meaning they have three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
To clarify on Platyhelminthes, these are flatworms known for being acoelomates and for possessing an organ level of organization. Many members like Planaria can regenerate missing body parts impressively.
Chordae tendineae are found in
A) Joints of legs
B) Atria of heart
C) Ventricles of brain
D) Ventricles of heart
The correct option is D) Ventricles of heart.
Chordae tendineae are strands of fibrous tissue found attached to the ventricular walls and the cusps of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart. Their primary function is to regulate the closure of the AV valves, preventing the backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole).
$X$ is a phylum with organisms having true segmentations throughout their body. They have a true body cavity (coelom) and are seen in a variety of habitats. Identify the phylum X.
A. Porifera
B. Annelida
C. Platyhelminthes
D. Echinodermata
The correct answer is B. Annelida.
Phylum Annelida encompasses organisms that exhibit bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic, meaning their bodies are derived from three primary germ layers. A key characteristic of this phylum is metameric segmentation, where the body is segmented both internally and externally. Additionally, these organisms possess a true coelom, which is a body cavity filled with coelomic fluid containing cells. Annelids are versatile in their habitats, thriving in freshwater, marine environments, and moist soil. They show a range of lifestyles, including free-living, burrowing, and in some cases, parasitic.
Match items of column A with items of column B
Column A | Column B |
---|---|
(a) Pore bearing animals | (A) Arthropoda |
(b) Diploblastic | (B) Coelenterata |
(c) Metameric segmentation | (C) Porifera |
(d) Jointed legs | (D) Echinodermata |
(e) Soft bodied animals | (E) Mollusca |
(f) Spiny ~ skinned animals | (F) Annelida |
Here is the correctly matched table that pairs Column A (biological characteristics) with Column B (animal categories):
(a) Pore bearing animals should be matched with (C) Porifera as Porifera includes animals that are characterized by the presence of pores.
(b) Diploblastic organisms, which have two primary germ layers, best match with (B) Coelenterata.
(c) Metameric segmentation, a characteristic where the body is divided into segments, fits with (F) Annelida.
(d) Jointed legs are a distinguishing feature of (A) Arthropoda.
(e) Soft bodied animals refer to creatures like those in (E) Mollusca.
(f) Spiny skinned animals are correctly associated with (D) Echinodermata, known for their spiny texture.
Thus, the full correct matching is:
(a) – C
(b) – B
(c) – F
(d) – A
(e) – E
(f) – D
These matches allow us to correctly categorize various animal features within their respective groups.
A prominent skeletal structure outside the body is seen in
A. Fish
B. Goat
C. Crab
D. Cow
The correct answer is C. Crab.
Crabs are characterized by having an exoskeleton, which is a hard, external covering that protects their body. This exoskeleton is a prominent skeletal structure that is clearly visible from outside the body. Unlike crabs, organisms like cows, goats, and fish have their skeletal structures on the inside, known as an endoskeleton. This internal skeleton provides support and framework internally, unlike the external, protective shell of crabs.
What are vertebrate animals?
Vertebrate animals are characterized by the presence of a backbone or spinal column. Below are the key features detailing the classification of vertebrates:
Backbone: Vertebrates are primarily characterized by having a backbone composed of bones.
Central Nervous System: Their central nervous system is partially contained within this backbone, providing structural protection and neural integration.
Neural Crest Cells: These cells are crucial as they contribute to the formation of nerves, as well as head and facial structures.
Brain Enclosed in Skull: The brain functions of vertebrates are securely encased within the skull, shielding it from external damage.
These features distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates, which lack a vertebral column.
Sir, how do organisms of porifera digest?
Sponges, belonging to the Porifera group, exhibit a distinctive feeding mechanism compared to other animals. These organisms do not have mouths; instead, they possess small openings called ostia on their outer surfaces. Water flows into these pores, carrying microscopic food particles. As the water circulates through the sponge’s body, it is directed towards a larger opening known as the osculum, or "little mouth". During this process, cells in the sponge's body walls extract food particles from the water, facilitating digestion internally. This filtration system efficiently allows sponges to nourish themselves by removing food from the passing water.
'Animals belonging to phylum Coelenterata are diploblastic.' What do you mean by the term diploblastic?
The term diploblastic refers to organisms that develop from two primary germ layers during embryogenesis. In the case of animals from the phylum Coelenterata, their body walls consist of two distinct layers: the outer layer known as the ectoderm and the inner layer called the endoderm. Between these layers, there is a gelatinous substance known as mesoglea.
Glans penis is formed by
A. Corpus spongiosum only.
B. Corpus cavernosa only.
C. Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosa both.
D. Corpus spongiosum forms the major part, and the minor part is formed by corpus cavernosa.
The correct answer is A. Corpus spongiosum only.
The glans penis, commonly known as the head of the penis, is primarily formed by the corpus spongiosum. The function of the corpus spongiosum is critical as it surrounds the urethra and prevents it from closing during erection, thus aiding in ejaculation.
Which one of the following structures in Pheretima is correctly matched with its function?
A Clitellum - Secretes cocoon
B Gizzard - Absorbs digested food
C Setae - Provides defense against predators
D Typhlosole - Storage of extra nutrients
The correct option is A Clitellum - Secretes cocoon.
Clitellum: It secretes a cocoon, which is essential for the fertilization and subsequent development of offspring in earthworms. This structure forms a protective casing around the eggs, facilitating their development in a secure environment.
Notochord is present in organisms which belong to phylum:
A Protochordata
B Mollusca
C Echinodermata
The correct answer is A Protochordata.
Organisms belonging to the phylum Protochordata exhibit several distinctive characteristics. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and possess a coelom. A notable feature specific to this phylum is the presence of a notochord at some point during their lifecycle. The notochord serves as a long rod-like support structure positioned along the animal’s back, which not only separates the nervous tissue from the gut but also provides a structural base for muscle attachment, facilitating movement.
The wings of a housefly and the wings of a sparrow are an example of: (a) analogous organs (b) vestigial organs (c) respiratory organs (d) homologous organs
The correct answer is:
(a) analogous organs
The wings of a housefly and the wings of a sparrow are referred to as analogous organs because they perform the same function, which is flying, but they have different basic structures and evolutionary origins.
Which of the following are the characteristics of cnidarians?
A. Diploblastic
B. Body cavity is absent
C. Bilaterally symmetric
D. Presence of cnidoblast
The correct options are:
A. Diploblastic
B. Body cavity is absent
D. Presence of cnidoblast
Cnidarians, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria (also known as Coelenterata), primarily reside in marine environments. This group includes organisms such as sea anemones, corals, hydras, and jellyfish. A fundamental characteristic of cnidarians is that they are diploblastic, meaning their bodies are composed of just two germ layers: the endoderm and the ectoderm. They are also acoelomates, indicating the absence of a body cavity.
Contrary to option C, cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry rather than bilateral symmetry. One of their unique features is the presence of cnidoblasts (or sting cells), which are specialized cells used for defense and capturing prey.
What type of skeleton is found in the cow?
A) Endoskeleton
B) Exoskeleton
C) Chitin
D) Both A and B
The correct answer is A) Endoskeleton.
In cows, the skeleton is located inside the body, characterizing it as an endoskeleton. This type provides essential structural support and protection for the cow's internal organs and tissues.
Name the following: (a) Organism in which external ear (pinna) is present. (b) Organism in which nictitating membrane is present.
(a) An organism where the external ear (pinna) is present is the human being.
(b) An organism in which the nictitating membrane is found is the frog.
Select the statement(s) which is true for the oral cavity:
A. It is posteriorly bound by lips and teeth.
B. It is inferiorly bound by the floor of the mouth.
C. It is superiorly bound by the palate.
D. Palate is of two types: hard and soft.
The statements which are true for the oral cavity include:
B. It is inferiorly bound by the floor of the mouth
The floor of the mouth forms the lower boundary of the oral cavity.C. It is superiorly bound by the palate
The palate forms the upper boundary of the oral cavity.D. Palate is of two types: hard and soft
The palate is indeed divided into two sections: the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate.
Regarding option A: It is incorrect because "anterior" refers to the front side, whereas "posterior" refers to the back side. Hence, stating that the oral cavity is "posteriorly bound by lips and teeth" is incorrect; it is actually bound anteriorly by these structures.
An aquatic animal which inflates itself and displays spines on its body to scare away predators is the $\qquad$
A) turtle
B) mackerel
C) whale
D) pufferfish
The correct answer is D) pufferfish.
Pufferfish have a unique defense mechanism in which they "puff up" when threatened. By inflating their bodies, they can double in size and display sharp spines. This transformation helps to intimidate and deter predators from attacking.
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Invertebrates possess a dorsal nerve cord.
B) Non-chordates have a vertebral column.
C) All chordates are vertebrates.
D) All vertebrates are chordates.
The correct answer is D - All vertebrates are chordates.
This is because vertebrates are a subgroup of the phylum Chordata, which is characterized by having at some stage of their development a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, and a post-anal tail. Vertebrates specifically have a backbone or spinal column, which is also a characteristic of chordates. Hence, all vertebrates are indeed chordates.
The other options are incorrect:
A) Invertebrates do not possess a dorsal nerve cord; instead, they might have a simpler or different type of nervous system.
B) Non-chordates do not have a vertebral column, as having one typically classifies an organism as a chordate.
C) Not all chordates are vertebrates because this group also includes non-vertebrate subphyla such as Tunicata and Cephalochordata.
Many tissues organize to form an
A) organ
B) organ system
C) organism
D) organelle
The correct answer is A) organ.
Tissues are formed by groups of cells that share similar structure and/or perform similar functions. These tissues come together to construct an organ. Multiple organs then collaborate to form an organ system, which subsequently collectively make up an organism. Organelles, on the other hand, are the different functional components present within a cell and thus, not a correct choice in the context of the question about tissues organizing.
Liver flukes belong to the phylum:
A) Porifera
B) Coelenterata
C) Platyhelminthes
D) Nematoda
The correct answer is C) Platyhelminthes.
Organisms classified under the phylum Platyhelminthes are characterized by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies, which is why they are commonly referred to as flatworms. Examples of creatures from this phylum include planaria and liver flukes.
Is maintenance of constant and favourable internal environmental conditions suitable for the functioning of body organs?
A) Metabolism
B) Anabolism
C) Organisation
D) Homeostasis
The correct option is D) Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the mechanism through which organisms maintain constant and favorable internal environmental conditions that are essential for the optimal functioning of body organs. This includes processes like thermoregulation—the control of body temperature in humans, and osmoregulation—the management of water levels and ion concentrations within cells.
In contrast:
Metabolism describes the total of all biochemical reactions occurring within a living organism, encompassing both anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism involves the synthesis of complex molecules, exemplified by processes like photosynthesis, whereas catabolism refers to the breakdown of molecules to release energy, such as during respiration.
Organisation delineates the hierarchical structuring of body into various parts that function cohesively. It describes how cells and their components, like organelles, work together to ensure the cell operates efficiently, characterizing a living being as an organism.
Read the following statements and select the incorrect ones. (i) Circulatory system in arthropods is of closed type. (ii) Parapodia in annelids help in swimming. (iii) Phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum. (iv) Aschelminthes are dioecious.
A. (i) and (iii) only
B. (i) only
C. (iii) only
D. (iii) and (iv) only
The correct answer is B. The incorrect statement is:
(i) The circulatory system in arthropods is of open type, not closed. This means that the blood flows freely in spaces called haemocoel, and not within distinct, closed blood vessels.
All other statements listed are correct:
(ii) Parapodia in annelids indeed aid in swimming.
(iii) Phylum Mollusca is correctly identified as the second largest animal phylum.
(iv) Aschelminthes are generally dioecious, meaning that they have distinct male and female individuals.
Cockroaches have a body structure that facilitates walking only.
A) True
B) False
The correct answer is B) False.
Cockroaches have a body structure that not only facilitates walking but also climbing and flying. They are equipped with a hard outer skeleton that supports these activities.
The cellular level of body organization is found in:
A) jellyfishes B) sponges C) roundworms D) flatworms
The correct answer is B) sponges.
Body organization is a key criterion used to classify animals into different phyla, ranging from cellular to organ system levels.
Sponges are characterized by a cellular level of organization. In sponges, there are no specialized structures like tissues or organs. Instead, various functions are managed by groups of cells that work independently.
In contrast:
Jellyfish exhibit a tissue level of organization, where cells are organized into tissues to perform specific functions.
Flatworms have an organ level of organization, where tissues come together to form organs, each responsible for specific tasks, and shows the beginning of an organ system including systems like a primitive nervous system.
Roundworms display an organ system level of organization, reflecting a more complex structure where organs are grouped into systems such as the reproductive and excretory systems.
The name Mammalia is given to a class:
A. due to the presence of mammary glands
B. due to a well-developed brain
C. due to the presence of jointed appendages
D. due to the presence of hair
The correct option is A due to the presence of mammary glands.
The class name Mammalia is derived from the presence of mammary glands, which are essential for nourishing the young. This feature is a distinctive characteristic of all mammals.
Tracheal ring in humans consist of the following:
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Fibrous Cartilage
C. Bone
D. Muscle.
The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is located in the throat and consists of about 20 rings which are essential for keeping the air passage open. These rings are partly hard and partly soft, which allows for both rigidity and flexibility necessary for the movement and easy passage of air.
The rings of the trachea are made up of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is firm yet somewhat flexible, and is distinctly different from other types of cartilage such as fibrous cartilage, which is found in structures like the intervertebral discs, and not in the trachea.
Muscle and bone do not contribute to forming the tracheal rings; muscles are soft tissues that facilitate movement but do not have the structural rigidity needed for the tracheal rings, whereas bones are too hard and inflexible for such a function.
Based on the information, the correct answer is: A. Hyaline Cartilage.
Regeneration is found in:
A. tapeworm
B. leech
C. hydra
D. ascaris
Regeneration is a unique type of asexual reproduction where an organism can regrow its body parts that have been lost or damaged. This is a significant ability in some species where parts of their body can grow back into complete new individuals.
A. Tapeworm and B. Leech both exhibit types of reproduction, including asexual and sexual modes, but these modes do not primarily focus on regeneration.
D. Ascaris, primarily shows sexual reproduction without the occurrence of regeneration.
C. Hydra, on the other hand, is highlighted as the best example of regeneration. Hydra is not only capable of budding, which is another form of asexual reproduction, but also prominently displays regeneration. If part of a hydra is cut off, that part can grow into a new individual, characterizing the process of regeneration.
Thus, the correct answer to the question "Regeneration is found in" is:
C. Hydra
Which characters are present in a vertebrate?
Notochord, triploblastic, coelomate, and bilateral symmetry
Notochord, triploblastic, acoelomate, and bilateral symmetry
Notochord, diploblastic, coelomate, and radial symmetry
Notochord, triploblastic, acoelomate, and radial symmetry
Vertebrates are characterized by a specific set of anatomical and developmental features. Let's break down these features as mentioned in the options provided:
Notochord: A notochord is a flexible rod made of a material similar to cartilage. It is present during the embryonic development in all vertebrates and is a defining feature.
Triploblastic: This term refers to the development of three germ layers - the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. All vertebrates are triploblastic, which means they develop these three primary layers during embryonic development.
Coelomate: Coelomates have a true body cavity known as a coelom, which is derived from the mesoderm. Vertebrates belong to this group, having a coelom that houses various organs.
Bilateral Symmetry: This means the body can be divided into roughly mirror-image halves along a single plane (left and right). Vertebrates exhibit this type of symmetry.
Given these explanations, the characters present in vertebrates include:
Notochord
Triploblastic development
Coelomate body structure
Bilateral symmetry
From the options provided, the correct choice that includes all these characteristic features is:
Notochord, triploblastic, coelomate, and bilateral symmetry
This corresponds to the first option. This reaffirms that vertebrates have a structured body plan that includes a notochord during development, consist of three germ layers, have a true coelom, and show bilateral symmetry.
The type of epithelium that is seen in the oesophagus lining, mouth lining, lining of capillaries are ________.
simple squamous
columnar
connective
stratified columnar
The correct answer is A) simple squamous.
Simple squamous epithelial cells are extremely thin and flat, forming a delicate lining. This type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus, the lining of the mouth, the alveoli of the lungs, and other similar regions. It plays crucial roles in protection, excretion, and gas exchange.
Bioluminescence is well-marked in which of the following phyla?
Mollusca
Hemichordata
Ctenophora
Annelida
The correct option is C. Ctenophora
Bioluminescence is the process of absorption and emission of light by a living organism. This property is particularly pronounced in ctenophores. In these organisms, special light-absorbing cells known as photocytes are responsible for this phenomenon.
Other phyla that include organisms capable of bioluminescence are Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes.
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Draw a neat diagram of digestive system of frog.
Here is the diagram
Mention the function of the Ureters in frog.
In frogs, the ureters emerge from the kidneys and have the following functions:
In male frogs, the ureters act as the urinogenital duct, which means they carry both urine and sperm to the cloaca.
In female frogs, the ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca and only transport urine.
Thus, the ureters are primarily responsible for the transport of excretory products from the kidneys to the cloaca.
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Comprehensive Guide on Structural Organisation in Animals for Class 11: Notes and Insights
Introduction
The structural organisation in animals is a fundamental concept in biology that outlines how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems collectively contribute to the survival and functionality of multicellular organisms. In this article, we will delve deep into the types of tissues, the complexity of organ systems, and an in-depth study of frogs as a representative example.
Basic Tissue Types in Animals
Animals comprise four basic tissue types, each performing distinct functions to support various physiological processes.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue forms the lining of body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes. It protects underlying tissues, absorbs nutrients, and secretes substances. Depending on the location and function, it can be simple (single-layered) or stratified (multi-layered).
Connective Tissue
Connective tissues support and connect different parts of the body. This category includes bone, blood, cartilage, and fat tissues. They play roles in binding structures, protecting organs, and storing energy.
Muscular Tissue
Muscular tissues are responsible for producing movement. This tissue type is divided into three kinds: skeletal (voluntary movements), cardiac (heart contractions), and smooth (involuntary movements in organs).
Neural Tissue
Neural tissue consists of neurons and supporting cells. It is involved in receiving stimuli and sending signals throughout the body, coordinating actions and responses.
From Cells to Organ Systems
The organisation of cells into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into systems is a hallmark of multicellular organisms.
Cells and Tissues
Cells with similar structures and functions group together to form tissues. This collective organisation enables enhanced functionality and efficiency.
Tissues to Organs
Tissues organise themselves in specific patterns to form organs, such as the heart, lungs, and liver, each performing unique functions essential to survival.
Organ Systems
Organs work together to form systems like the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Each system performs interrelated functions, exhibiting a division of labour within the body.
Evolutionary Trends in Animal Organisation
The complexity of organ systems in animals shows an evolutionary trend. As organisms evolve, their organ systems become more efficient and specialised, enhancing survival and adaptability.
Detailed Study of Frogs
Frogs provide a great example of structural organisation in vertebrates due to their fascinating morphology and anatomy.
Morphology of Frogs
Frogs, belonging to the class Amphibia, live both on land and in water. Their skin is smooth and slippery due to mucus secretion and is richly vascularised, allowing respiration through the skin.
- Body Division: Frogs lack a neck and tail, and their body can be divided into the head and trunk.
- Skin Characteristics: The dorsal side is olive green with dark spots, while the ventral side is pale yellow.
- Locomotion: Frogs have muscular limbs—aiding in swimming, leaping, and burrowing—with hind limbs being more powerful.
Anatomy of Frogs
Frogs have well-defined organ systems, including digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and neural systems.
- Digestive System: Frogs have a short alimentary canal as they are carnivores. The stomach leads to the intestine, where digestion and nutrient absorption occur.
- Respiratory System: They use their skin for respiration in water and lungs on land. Lungs are sac-like structures aiding in pulmonary respiration.
- Circulatory System: Frogs have a closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart, ensuring efficient blood circulation.
- Excretory System: This system comprises kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a cloaca, facilitating the excretion of urea.
- Neural System: Frogs possess a central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, along with sense organs for touch, taste, smell, vision, and hearing.
Seasonal Adaptations in Frogs
Frogs exhibit intriguing adaptations like aestivation (summer dormancy) and hibernation (winter dormancy) to survive extreme conditions. They also use mimicry for protection, changing colour to blend with their surroundings.
Reproductive System in Frogs
Frogs have distinct male and female reproductive systems. Males have testes that produce sperm, while females have ovaries that release eggs. Fertilisation occurs externally, and development involves metamorphosis from a larval stage (tadpole) to an adult frog.
Importance of Frogs in Ecosystem
Frogs play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by feeding on insects and serving as a food source for other animals. Their presence indicates a healthy ecosystem.
Conclusion
Understanding the structural organisation in animals offers insights into the complexity and efficiency of biological systems. Frogs, as an example, illuminate how intricate and well-coordinated organ systems contribute to an organism's survival and interaction within an ecosystem.
graph TD;
Cells-->Tissues;
Tissues-->Organs;
Organs-->Organ_Systems;
Organ_Systems-->Organism;
This comprehensive guide on the structural organisation in animals is designed to aid Class 11 students in grasping the intricate details and significance of this vital biological concept.
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