Societal Impact - Class 11 Computer Science - Chapter 11 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Notes - Societal Impact | Class 11 NCERT | Computer Science
Societal Impact Class 11 Notes: Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction to Societal Impact
Definition and Relevance
The societal impact of digital technologies has been transformative, influencing various aspects of our daily lives. This guide explores how these technologies have reshaped society, focusing on key areas relevant to students.
The Role of Digital Technologies in Modern Society
In recent years, digital technologies have become deeply embedded in our personal and professional lives. From accelerating communication to revolutionising various industries, their significance is undeniable.
Transformation Brought by Digital Technologies
Enhancements in Communication
Digital technologies have redefined communication, making it instantaneous and far-reaching. Where letters once took days to deliver, emails now reach multiple recipients simultaneously, boosting efficiency and productivity.
Industry-Wide Changes
- Banking: Automated transactions have made banking more secure and convenient.
- E-commerce: Online shopping has made products and services accessible worldwide.
- Aviation: Flight bookings and management have become more streamlined.
- Industrial Production: Automation has increased production efficiency and quality.
Understanding Digital Footprints
What are Digital Footprints?
Digital footprints are the trails of data we leave behind when we engage in online activities. These include websites visited, emails sent, and forms filled.
Types of Digital Footprints
- Active Digital Footprints: Data intentionally shared online, such as email posts and social media updates.
- Passive Digital Footprints: Data collected without our knowledge, like browsing history and cookies.
Implications of Digital Footprints
Digital footprints can be used for targeted advertising but can also pose privacy risks. It's crucial to be aware of the data we leave behind and manage it responsibly.
Digital Society and Netizenship
Characteristics of a Digital Society
In a digital society, many daily activities occur online, including communication, shopping, banking, and education. Digital transactions have become the norm.
Who is a Netizen?
A netizen is any individual who uses digital technology and the internet. Responsible netizens practice safe, ethical, and legal use of these technologies.
Importance of Net Etiquettes
- Ethical Behaviour Online: Avoid copyright violations and share genuine information.
- Respect for Privacy: Keep personal data secure and respect others' privacy.
- Communication Etiquettes: Be precise, polite, and credible in online interactions.
- Social Media Etiquettes: Secure accounts with strong passwords and be sceptical of fake news.
Data Protection and Ethics
Importance of Data Protection
Protecting sensitive information, such as personal identification and financial data, is crucial. Implementing encryption and secure methods helps ensure data privacy.
Ways to Protect Your Data
Using strong passwords, updating software, and being cautious with online interactions are fundamental practices for data protection.
Understanding Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Copyright: Legal rights to original works like literature, audio, and video content.
- Patents: Protection for inventions, encouraging innovation.
- Trademarks: Symbols or names distinguishing different brands or enterprises.
Consequences of IPR Violations
Violating intellectual property rights can lead to legal repercussions and damage one's credibility. Always credit original sources and obtain necessary permissions.
Cybercrime and Safety
Common Types of Cybercrime
- Hacking: Unauthorised access to computer systems.
- Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information.
- Ransomware: Malicious software that blocks access to data until a ransom is paid.
graph TD;
A[Common Types of Cybercrime] --> B[Hacking]
A --> C[Phishing]
A --> D[Ransomware]
B --> E[Unauthorised Access]
C --> F[Fraudulent Information Gathering]
D --> G[Data Blockage and Ransom]
How to Prevent Cybercrime
Be cautious with emails, use antivirus software, and secure your wireless networks. Always stay informed about the latest cybersecurity measures.
Health Implications of Digital Technologies
Physical Health Concerns
Prolonged use of digital devices can lead to physical strain, including eye strain, backaches, and wrist pain.
graph TD;
A[Physical Health Concerns] --> B[Eye Strain]
A --> C[Backaches]
A --> D[Wrist Pain]
A --> E[Fatigue]
Psychological and Emotional Well-being
Excessive screen time can contribute to stress and anxiety. Balancing digital interactions with real-life activities is essential for mental health.
Tips for Maintaining Digital Wellness
Adopt ergonomic practices, take regular breaks, and engage in physical activities to counteract the negative effects of prolonged device usage.
Conclusion
Recap of Key Points
This guide has explored the profound societal impact of digital technologies, from enhancing communication to posing ethical and health challenges. Understanding these facets is crucial for responsible digital citizenship.
Importance of Responsible Digital Citizenship
By staying informed and practising good net etiquettes, we can enjoy the benefits of digital technologies while mitigating their risks.
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After practicals, Atharv left the computer laboratory but forgot to sign off from his email account. Later, his classmate Revaan started using the same computer. He is now logged in as Atharv. He sends inflammatory email messages to few of his classmates using Atharv's email account. Revaan's activity is an example of which of the following cyber crime? Justify your answer.
a) Hacking
b) Identity theft
c) Cyber bullying
d) Plagiarism
Revaan's activity is an example of b) Identity theft.
Justification:
Identity theft involves the unauthorized use of someone else's identity, typically for fraudulent activities. In this case, Revaan is using Atharv's email account without permission, effectively impersonating Atharv to send inflammatory emails. This misuse of Atharv's identity to send messages constitutes identity theft.
Rishika found a crumpled paper under her desk. She picked it up and opened it. It contained some text which was struck off thrice. But she could still figure out easily that the struck off text was the email ID and password of Garvit, her classmate. What is ethically correct for Rishika to do?
a) Inform Garvit so that he may change his password.
b) Give the password of Garvit's email ID to all other classmates.
c) Use Garvit's password to access his account.
The ethically correct action for Rishika is:
a) Inform Garvit so that he may change his password.
It is important to respect Garvit's privacy and help protect his confidential data by letting him know his password has been compromised.
Suhana is down with fever. So she decided not to go to school tomorrow. Next day, in the evening she called up her classmate, Shaurya and enquired about the computer class. She also requested him to explain the concept. Shaurya said, "Mam taught us how to use tuples in python". Further, he generously said, "Give me some time, I will email you the material which will help you to understand tuples in python". Shaurya quickly downloaded a 2-minute clip from the Internet explaining the concept of tuples in python. Using video editor, he added the text "Prepared by Shaurya" in the downloaded video clip. Then, he emailed the modified video clip to Suhana. This act of Shaurya is an example of:
a) Fair use
b) Hacking
c) Copyright infringement
d) Cyber crime
c) Copyright infringement
Shaurya's act of downloading a video clip from the Internet, modifying it by adding "Prepared by Shaurya," and then emailing it to Suhana without permission from the original creator is an example of copyright infringement. Copyright infringement occurs when someone uses another person's work without permission or proper attribution, especially for their own benefit, which is exactly what Shaurya did.
After a fight with your friend, you did the following activities. Which of these activities is not an example of cyber bullying?
a) You sent an email to your friend with a message saying that "I am sorry".
b) You sent a threatening message to your friend saying "Do not try to call or talk to me".
c) You created an embarrassing picture of your friend and uploaded on your account on a social networking site.
The activity not an example of cyber bullying is:
a) You sent an email to your friend with a message saying that "I am sorry".
This activity involves apologizing, which is a positive and non-threatening form of communication.
Sourabh has to prepare a project on "Digital India Initiatives". He decides to get information from the Internet. He downloads three web pages (webpage 1 , webpage 2 , webpage 3) containing information on Digital India Initiatives. Which of the following steps taken by Sourabh is an example of plagiarism or copyright infringement. Give justification in support of your answer.
a) He read a paragraph on " Digital India Initiatives" from webpage 1 and rephrased it in his own words. He finally pasted the rephrased paragraph in his project.
b) He downloaded three images of " Digital India Initiatives" from webpage 2. He made a collage for his project using these images.
c) He downloaded "Digital India Initiative" icon from web page 3 and pasted it on the front page of his project report.
b) He downloaded three images of "Digital India Initiatives" from webpage 2. He made a collage for his project using these images.
Justification: Downloading and using images from a webpage without permission constitutes copyright infringement. Even though he made a collage, the images are still copyrighted, and using them without obtaining permission from the rights holder or without proper citation is a violation of copyright laws.
Match the following:
Column A | Column B |
---|---|
Plagiarism | Fakers, by offering special rewards or money prize asked for personal information, such as bank account information |
Hacking | Copy and paste information from the Internet into your report and then organise it |
Credit card fraud | The trail that is created when a person uses the Internet. |
Digital Foot Print | Breaking into computers to read private emails and other files |
Here is the matched list.
Column A | Column B |
---|---|
Plagiarism | Copy and paste information from the Internet into your report and then organise it |
Hacking | Breaking into computers to read private emails and other files |
Credit card fraud | Fakers, by offering special rewards or money prize asked for personal information, such as bank account information |
Digital Foot Print | The trail that is created when a person uses the Internet. |
You got the below shown SMS from your bank querying a recent transaction. Answer the following:
Bank has noticed that your ATM card was recently used at XYZ online store on 26 November, 2018 at 1.00 p.m. for Rs.20010. If the transaction was not carried by you, urgently sms your pin number on 03036665458.
a) Will you SMS your pin number to the given contact number?
b) Will you call the bank helpline number to recheck the validity of the SMS received?
a) No, you should never send your PIN number or any other sensitive information via SMS or any other unverified contact means. This is likely a phishing attempt to steal your personal information.
b) Yes, you should immediately call your bank's official helpline number (which you can find on the bank's official website or on your bank documents) to verify the validity of the SMS and report the potential phishing attempt.
Preeti celebrated her birthday with her family. She was excited to share the moments with her friend Himanshu. She uploaded selected images of her birthday party on a social networking site so that Himanshu can see them. After few days, Preeti had a fight with Himanshu. Next morning, she deleted her birthday photographs from that social networking site, so that Himanshu cannot access them. Later in the evening, to her surprise, she saw that one of the images which she had already deleted from the social networking site was available with their common friend Gayatri. She hurriedly enquired Gayatri "Where did you get this picture from?". Gayatri replied "Himanshu forwarded this image few minutes back".
Help Preeti to get answers for the following questions. Give justification for your answers so that Preeti can understand it clearly.
a) How could Himanshu access an image which I had already deleted?
b) Can anybody else also access these deleted images?
c) Had these images not been deleted from my digital footprint?
a) Himanshu could have saved or downloaded the image before you deleted it. Once an image is shared on social networking sites, other users can save, download, or share it even after you have removed it from the platform.
b) Yes, if someone has saved or downloaded the image before you deleted it, they can still access and share it. The deletion only removes the image from the original post on the social networking site but doesn't affect the copies saved by other users.
c) Although you have deleted the images from the social networking site, traces of these images can remain on the servers where the site is hosted. Copies in caches, backups, and other technical storage may still exist, meaning your digital footprint of those images hasn't been completely erased.
The school offers wireless facility (wifi) to the Computer Science students of Class XI. For communication, the network security staff of the school have a registered URL schoolwifi.edu. On 17 September 2017, the following email was mass distributed to all the Computer Science students of Class XI. The email claimed that the password of the students was about to expire. Instructions were given to go to URL to renew their password within 24 hours.
a) Do you find any discrepancy in this email?
b) What will happen if the student will click on the given URL?
c) Is the email an example of cyber crime? If yes, then specify which type of cyber crime is it. Justify your answer.
a) Do you find any discrepancy in this email?
Yes, there are several discrepancies in this email:
Unusual Urgency: The urgency depicted in the email (password expiring in 24 hours) is a common tactic used in phishing scams to create panic and prompt immediate action without thinking.
Generic Greeting: The email uses a generic greeting "Dear Students" instead of addressing the recipient by their name, which is another indicator of a potential phishing email.
URL Mismatch: The URL provided in the email (
schoolwifi.edu/updatepassword
) is suspicious because official instructions usually avoid linking directly to such pages, especially sensitive ones like password updates.Lack of Personalization and Signature: The email lacks proper personalization (e.g., no specific names or details related to the recipient), and it does not include a detailed signature with contact information.
b) What will happen if the student will click on the given URL?
If a student clicks on the given URL, they may be directed to a fake website designed to look like the school's official site. On this fake site, they could be prompted to enter their current password and other personal information. This information can then be captured by cybercriminals who can misuse it to gain unauthorized access to the student's accounts and sensitive information.
c) Is the email an example of cyber crime? If yes, then specify which type of cyber crime is it. Justify your answer.
Yes, this email is an example of cyber crime, specifically phishing.
Phishing is an unlawful activity where fake websites or emails that look authentic are used to fraudulently collect sensitive and personal details, particularly usernames and passwords.
The email in question uses typical tactics such as a sense of urgency, a generic greeting, and a misleading URL to trick recipients into clicking a link and entering sensitive information.
The goal of this email is likely to deceive students into revealing their passwords, allowing the perpetrator to gain unauthorized access to their accounts.
You are planning to go for a vacation. You surfed the Internet to get answers for the following queries:
a) Weather conditions
b) Availability of air tickets and fares
c) Places to visit
d) Best hotel deals
Which of your above mentioned actions might have created a digital footprint?
All of the listed actions might have created a digital footprint:
Weather conditions: Visiting weather websites or using weather apps.
Availability of air tickets and fares: Searching for flights on airline websites or travel booking platforms.
Places to visit: Looking up travel destinations and tourist attractions on various websites.
Best hotel deals: Browsing hotel booking sites or apps for accommodation options and deals.
Each of these activities leaves traces of data reflecting your online activities, which contribute to your digital footprint.
How would you recognise if one of your friends is being cyber bullied?
a) Cite the online activities which would help you detect that your friend is being cyber bullied?
b) What provisions are in IT Act 2000, (amended in 2008) to combact such situations.
Recognizing if a Friend is Being Cyber Bullied
To recognize if one of your friends is being cyber bullied, you can look for the following online activities:
a) Online Activities Indicating Cyber Bullying
Distressing Messages: Receiving insulting, threatening or degrading messages consistently.
Change in Online Behavior: Avoidance of social networking sites or overall reduced activity.
Unexplained Emotional Outbursts: Displaying anger, sadness, or anxiety after using the internet.
Public Shaming: Seeing embarrassing or humiliating content (like pictures or videos) about your friend being posted on various platforms.
Reports of Fake Profiles: Fake accounts might be created to impersonate and defame.
Unexplained Deletions: Deleting social media accounts or posts without clear reasons.
Avoiding Communication: Reluctance to talk about what they are seeing or experiencing online.
Expressing Helplessness: Confessing to feelings of harassment or bullying online.
b) Provisions in IT Act 2000 (Amended in 2008) to Combat Cyber Bullying
The Indian Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, and its amendment in 2008, provide several provisions to combat cyber bullying, including:
Section 66A: Addressed sending offensive messages through communication service, etc. (This section was struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2015 for being unconstitutional, but it was initially used to combat cyber bullying).
Section 66C: Deals with identity theft, which can cover certain aspects of cyber bullying if it involves stealing someone's identity to harass them.
Section 66E: Pertains to the violation of privacy, protecting individuals from cyber bullies who might share private images or information without consent.
Section 67: Relates to publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form, which can include sharing derogatory or sexual content as a form of bullying.
Cyber Appellate Tribunal: The act also established this tribunal to resolve disputes arising out of cyber crime, ensuring a proper judicial mechanism to handle cases.
Write the differences between the following-
a) Copyrights and Patents
b) Plagiarism and Copyright infringement
c) Non-ethical hacking and Ethical hacking
d) Active and Passive footprints
e) Free software and Free and open source software
Here are the requested differences:
a) Copyrights and Patents
Copyrights:
Purpose: Protects the expression of ideas (e.g., literary and artistic works).
Scope: Covers writings, software code, music, photographs, etc.
Duration: Typically lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years.
Automatic Protection: Granted automatically when the work is created.
Patents:
Purpose: Protects inventions and tangible products.
Scope: Covers new inventions or discoveries in technology.
Duration: Usually lasts for 20 years from the filing date.
Application Required: Requires a formal application and review process.
b) Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement
Plagiarism:
Definition: Using someone else's work or ideas without proper attribution.
Scope: An ethical issue, mainly in academics and writing.
Enforcement: Policed by educational institutions, publishers, and employers.
Penalty: Can result in disciplinary actions, reputational damage.
Copyright Infringement:
Definition: Using copyrighted material without permission.
Scope: A legal issue that violates the copyright holder's exclusive rights.
Enforcement: Enforced through legal channels, courts.
Penalty: Can result in lawsuits, fines, and injunctions.
c) Non-ethical Hacking and Ethical Hacking
Non-ethical Hacking:
Intent: Performed for malicious purposes such as stealing data or damaging systems.
Actors: Often referred to as black hat hackers or crackers.
Legal Status: Illegal and punishable under cybercrime laws.
Ethical Hacking:
Intent: Aims to identify and fix vulnerabilities to improve security.
Actors: Known as white hat hackers.
Legal Status: Legal and often performed as part of security assessments.
d) Active and Passive Footprints
Active Footprints:
Creation: Intentional data submitted online (e.g., social media posts, emails).
User Awareness: Created knowingly by the user.
Passive Footprints:
Creation: Unintentional data generated while browsing or using apps.
User Awareness: Often created without the user's explicit knowledge.
e) Free Software and Free and Open Source Software
Free Software:
Definition: Software that can be used, studied, modified, and distributed freely.
Philosophy: Emphasizes users' freedom to control and modify software.
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS):
Definition: Similar to free software but also provides access to the source code.
Philosophy: Emphasizes collaboration and sharing improvements with the community.
Examples: Linux, Mozilla Firefox, LibreOffice.
Each concept plays a vital role in understanding digital rights, ethics, and best practices in the digital world.
If you plan to use a short text from an article on the web, what steps must you take in order to credit the sources used?
To credit sources properly when using a short text from an article on the web, you should take the following steps:
Mention the Original Author: Clearly mention the name of the original author who wrote the article.
Provide the Title: State the title of the article from which the short text is taken.
Include the URL: Provide the direct URL (web address) to the specific article.
Attribute the Source Correctly: Use proper citations to attribute the text. The format of the citation can vary depending on the referencing style you are using (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Use Quotation Marks: If you are directly quoting, use quotation marks around the text to indicate that it is taken verbatim from the source.
In-text Citation: Include an in-text citation if needed, based on the citation style.
By following these steps, you ensure you respect intellectual property rights and avoid plagiarism.
When you search online for pictures, how will you find pictures that are available in the free public domain. How can those pictures be used in your project without copyright violations?
To find pictures in the free public domain and use them without copyright violations in your project, you can follow these steps:
Finding Public Domain Images:
Use Specific Search Filters:
Use search engines like Google and apply the usage rights filter to show images that are labeled for reuse.
Navigate to Google Images and perform your search. Then click on Tools > Usage rights > select Creative Commons licenses or Public domain.
Explore Dedicated Websites:
There are several websites that offer public domain images, such as:
Pixabay (pixabay.com)
Unsplash (unsplash.com)
Pexels (pexels.com)
Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
Creative Commons Search (search.creativecommons.org)
Using Public Domain Images Legally:
Verify Licensing:
Even if images are labeled for reuse or are in the public domain, it's critical to verify the specific licensing terms on the website from which you are downloading the image.
Citation and Attribution:
Although public domain images do not require attribution, it is good practice to credit the source. If it is a requirement of the specific license (e.g., Creative Commons), you must provide proper attribution.
Modification Rights:
Ensure that you have the right to modify the image if you plan to do so. Some licenses allow only non-modified use.
Example of Attribution:
When using images with a Creative Commons license, include the following information:
Title of the image
Author or creator of the image
Source (URL where the image is hosted)
License type (e.g., CC BY 4.0)
Here is a sample attribution:
"Sunset Over the Mountains" by John Doe, available at [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/photos/1234), used under CC BY 4.0.
By following these practices, you can ensure that you are using public domain images legally and ethically in your projects.
Describe why it is important to secure your wireless router at home. Search the Internet to find the rules to create a reasonably secure password. Create an imaginary password for your home router. Will you share your password for home router with following people. Justify your answer.
a) Parents
b) Friends
c) Neighbours
d) Home Tutors
Importance of Securing Your Wireless Router
Securing your wireless router is crucial for several reasons:
Prevent Unauthorized Access: An unsecured router can be accessed by unauthorized individuals, potentially exposing your network and devices to malicious activities.
Protect Personal Data: Ensuring your router is secure helps safeguard personal data, such as passwords, financial information, and private communications, from being intercepted.
Avoid Bandwidth Theft: Unauthorized users can consume your internet bandwidth, leading to slower internet speeds for legitimate users.
Rules for Creating a Secure Password
Tips for creating a secure password:
Length: Use at least 12-16 characters.
Complexity: Include a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.
Avoid Common Words: Do not use easily guessable words, names, or sequential patterns.
Unique: Use different passwords for different accounts to avoid a cascade of breaches if one gets compromised.
Randomness: Avoid predictable sequences and ensure the password is as random as possible.
Imaginary Secure Password: G7#Str0ng&Pa$$89
Sharing the Password
a) Parents
Yes, share with parents. Justification: Parents typically share the same household and have legitimate needs to access the internet for personal and work-related tasks.
b) Friends
No, do not share with friends. Justification: While friends might need internet access occasionally, sharing can increase the risk of your network being compromised. Instead, it's better to set up a guest network with a separate password for temporary access.
c) Neighbours
No, do not share with neighbours. Justification: Sharing with neighbours increases the risk of unauthorized access and misuse of your network. Keeping the network private ensures better security and bandwidth management.
d) Home Tutors
No, do not share the main password. Justification: It's advisable to set up a guest network for home tutors. This provides them with the necessary access while keeping your primary network secure.
List down the steps you need to take in order to ensure
a) your computer is in good working condition for a longer time.
b) smart and safe Internet surfing.
Steps to ensure your computer is in good working condition for a longer time:
Regular Cleaning:
Dust Removal: Regularly clean the exterior and interior of your computer to remove dust.
Screen Cleaning: Use a liquid solution specifically for electronic screens and a microfiber cloth.
Safe Environment:
Avoid Heat and Sunlight: Keep the computer away from direct heat and sunlight.
Proper Ventilation: Ensure the computer is in a well-ventilated area.
Avoid Spillages:
No Food/Drinks: Do not eat or drink near the computer to avoid spills.
Update System:
Software Updates: Regularly update your operating system and other software.
Driver Updates: Ensure all device drivers are kept up-to-date.
Regular Maintenance:
Defragmentation: Occasionally defragment the hard disk if you’re using an HDD.
Disk Cleanup: Perform regular disk cleanups to remove unnecessary files.
Use Antivirus:
Install Antivirus: Use a reputable antivirus software and keep it updated.
Run Scans: Regularly run full system scans to detect and remove malware.
Safe Shutdown:
Proper Shutdown: Always properly shut down your computer instead of forcefully turning it off.
Steps for smart and safe Internet surfing:
Strong Passwords:
Complex Passwords: Use strong, complex passwords that combine letters, numbers, and special characters.
Periodic Changes: Regularly change your passwords.
Secure Connections:
HTTPS: Ensure that the websites you visit use HTTPS for a secure connection.
Avoid Public Wi-Fi: Avoid conducting sensitive transactions over public Wi-Fi.
Beware of Scams:
Phishing: Be vigilant about phishing emails and websites; do not click on suspicious links.
Spam: Avoid opening attachments from unknown sources.
System Updates:
Browser Updates: Keep your web browser updated to the latest version.
Security Patches: Install security patches for your operating system and other software.
Use Security Software:
Antivirus: Use antivirus and antimalware software; ensure it is up to date.
Firewalls: Enable your computer’s firewall to block unauthorized access.
Manage Cookies and Data:
Cookie Settings: Be careful about accepting cookies from untrusted websites.
Clear Browsing Data: Regularly clear your browser’s cache, cookies, and history.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):
Enable 2FA: Use two-factor authentication where available for an additional layer of security.
Privacy Settings:
Privacy Checks: Regularly check and update your privacy settings on social media and other online accounts.
VPN: Consider using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) for an added layer of privacy.
By following these steps, you can ensure your computer remains in good working condition and you can enjoy a safer Internet browsing experience.
What is data privacy? Websites that you visit collect what type of information about you?
Data privacy refers to the protection of sensitive personal information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. It is primarily about ensuring personal data is handled responsibly and is accessible only to those with the legitimate authority. Sensitive data includes information like biometric data, health records, financial information, and other personal details that, if compromised, could lead to harm, inconvenience, or unfairness to an individual.
Websites that you visit can collect various types of information about you, including:
Personal Information: Name, address, email address, phone number, etc.
Demographic Data: Age, gender, location, etc.
Financial Information: Credit card details, bank information (especially on e-commerce sites).
Health Information: Medical history, prescriptions (on health or fitness-related sites).
Biometric Data: Fingerprints, facial recognition data (on sites that require such for authentication).
Browsing Data: Websites visited, pages viewed, time spent on sites, etc.
Device Information: IP address, device type, operating system, browser type, etc.
Location Data: GPS data, geolocation data if allowed by the user.
In the computer science class, Sunil and Jagdish were assigned the following task by their teacher.
a) Sunil was asked to find information about "India, a Nuclear power". He was asked to use Google Chrome browser and prepare his report using Google Docs.
b) Jagdish was asked to find information about "Digital India". He was asked to use Mozilla Firefox browser and prepare his report using Libre Office Writer.
What is the difference between technologies used by Sunil and Jagdish?
The primary difference between the technologies used by Sunil and Jagdish can be classified into the following categories:
Web Browser:
Sunil: Google Chrome
Description: Google Chrome is a proprietary web browser developed by Google. It is widely known for its speed, simplicity, and robust performance.
Type: Proprietary software
Jagdish: Mozilla Firefox
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation. It emphasizes privacy, security, and user control.
Type: Open-source software
Word Processing Tool:
Sunil: Google Docs
Description: Google Docs is a web-based, proprietary word processing tool offered by Google as part of its Google Drive service. It allows real-time collaboration and cloud storage.
Type: Proprietary software
Jagdish: LibreOffice Writer
Description: LibreOffice Writer is a part of the LibreOffice suite, which is a free and open-source office suite. LibreOffice Writer is used for word processing and is comparable to Microsoft Word.
Type: Open-source software
Cite examples depicting that you were a victim of following cyber crime. Also, cite provisions in IT Act to deal with such a cyber crime.
a) Identity theft
b) Credit card account theft
Examples of Cyber Crime Victimization and IT Act Provisions
a) Identity Theft
Example:Imagine receiving a notification from your bank regarding a newly opened account in your name. You never initiated this, but someone used your personal details to open the account and perform illegal transactions. As a result, your credibility and financial standing are compromised.
IT Act Provisions:
Section 66C: It specifically addresses the issue of identity theft, defining it as fraudulently or dishonestly making use of the electronic signature, password or any other unique identification feature of any other person.
Punishment: Up to 3 years of imprisonment and/or a fine of up to ₹1 lakh.
b) Credit Card Account Theft
Example:Consider discovering unauthorized transactions on your credit card statement. Upon investigation, you realize a cybercriminal gained access to your credit card details and used them for fraudulent purchases, resulting in financial loss for you.
IT Act Provisions:
Section 66: It deals with hacking and similar cyber crimes, stating that if any person, dishonestly or fraudulently, does any act referred to in section 43 (including data theft), they will be liable.
Section 66C & Section 66D: Related to identity theft and impersonation. Using someone else's, or fabricating a false, credit card identity falls under these sections.
Punishment: Up to 3 years of imprisonment and/or a fine. Additionally, for cheating by personation (66D), the punishment is also up to 3 years and/or a fine of up to ₹1 lakh.
Neerja is a student of Class XI. She has opted for Computer Science. Neerja prepared the project assigned to her. She mailed it to her teacher. The snapshot of that email is shown below.
Find out which of the following email etiquettes are missing in it. Justify your answer.
a) Subject of the mail
b) Formal greeting
c) Self-explanatory terms
d) Identity of the sender
e) Regards
Neerja's email is missing several important etiquettes:
Subject of the mail:
*Missing*: The email has no subject line.
*Justification*: The subject line is crucial as it helps the recipient understand the purpose of the email at a glance. It also aids in organizing and prioritizing emails.
Formal greeting:
*Missing*: There is no formal greeting at the beginning of the email.
*Justification*: A formal greeting such as "Dear [Teacher's Name]," is important to address the recipient respectfully and set a polite tone for the email.
Self-explanatory terms:
*Partially Present*: The email body is very brief and lacks detailed information.
*Justification*: While it mentions the attachment, it would be better to include a brief description of the content and purpose of the attached document. For example: "I have attached the project on [Project Topic] as assigned. Please review it at your convenience."
Identity of the sender:
*Present*: Neerja has signed off with her name.
*Justification*: It's important for the email sender to include their name, and optionally, their class and section, especially in a formal context like emailing a teacher.
Regards:
*Missing*: There is no formal closing such as "Regards," "Sincerely," or "Best regards."
*Justification*: A proper closing adds to the formality and professionalism of the email. It indicates the end of the message and adds a personal touch to the communication.
By addressing these missing etiquettes, Neerja can make her email more professional and easier for the recipient to process.
Sumit got good marks in all the subjects. His father gifted him a laptop. He would like to make Sumit aware of health hazards associated with inappropriate and excessive use of laptop. Help his father to list the points which he should discuss with Sumit.
Sumit's father should discuss the following health hazards associated with inappropriate and excessive use of laptops:
1. Eye Strain
Explanation: Prolonged screen time can cause eye discomfort and vision problems.
Prevention: Take regular breaks, follow the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds), and ensure proper screen brightness.
2. Poor Posture
Explanation: Sitting incorrectly for long periods can lead to back, neck, and shoulder pain.
Prevention: Maintain an ergonomically correct posture with feet flat on the ground, back straight, and screen at eye level.
3. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
Explanation: Overuse of the keyboard and mouse can cause strain injuries to the fingers, wrists, and hands.
Prevention: Take frequent breaks, use ergonomic accessories, and practice proper typing techniques.
4. Physical Inactivity
Explanation: Extended periods of sitting can contribute to physical inactivity and related health issues such as obesity and cardiovascular problems.
Prevention: Incorporate physical activities into daily routine, stretch, and move around regularly.
5. Mental Health Issues
Explanation: Excessive screen time can lead to mental fatigue, stress, and even depression.
Prevention: Balance screen time with offline activities, engage in hobbies, and ensure adequate social interactions.
6. Sleep Disturbances
Explanation: Exposure to blue light from screens can interfere with sleep patterns.
Prevention: Avoid using the laptop before bedtime, use blue light filters, and follow a regular sleep schedule.
7. Technology Addiction
Explanation: Dependency on digital devices can lead to addiction, affecting daily life and productivity.
Prevention: Set time limits on device usage and engage in other productive activities.
By highlighting these points, Sumit's father can help him use his new laptop in a healthy and responsible manner.
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