Learning - Class 11 Psychology - Chapter 5 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Learning | Introduction to Psychology | Psychology | Class 11
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What is learning? What are its distinguishing features?
Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential produced by experience or practice. It is distinguished by several features: (1) Experience-based: Learning involves gaining experience and forming habits through repeated occurrences; (2) Relatively Permanent: Unlike temporary changes due to drugs or fatigue, learning-induced changes are enduring; (3) Inferred Process: Learning is not directly observable but inferred from performance; (4) Distinction from Performance: Performance is the observable outcome of learning. For example, learning a poem is inferred when one successfully recites it.
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What does the notion of preparedness for learning mean?
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Comprehensive Guide to Learning Class 11 Notes: A Complete Overview
Understanding the nature and processes of learning is crucial for students in Class 11. This guide will delve into the essential aspects of learning, including definitions, types, processes, and factors that facilitate learning. By the end of this article, you'll have a thorough understanding of learning concepts that can significantly impact your academic success.
Introduction
Learning is an integral part of human behaviour, affecting how we interact with the world, solve problems, and achieve goals. This guide is designed to help Class 11 students grasp the intricacies of learning, making complex concepts easier to understand and apply.
Nature of Learning
Learning refers to a spectrum of changes that occur due to experiences, resulting in relatively permanent changes in behaviour or behavioural potential. It is crucial to distinguish learning from temporary changes due to factors like drugs or fatigue.
Key Features of Learning
- Experience-Based: Involves experiencing events occurring in specific sequences.
- Permanent Behavioural Changes: Unlike temporary changes, learning signifies lasting behavioural transformations.
Types of Learning
Learning can be broadly categorized into several types:
Classical Conditioning
Ivan P. Pavlov first investigated classical conditioning. It involves creating associations between stimuli, leading to conditioned responses.
Classical Conditioning Process:
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally elicits a response (e.g., food).
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Previously neutral stimulus (e.g., bell) that becomes associated with the US.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to US (e.g., salivation).
- Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to CS after association with US.
Determinants of Classical Conditioning
- Timing: Delayed conditioning (CS precedes US) is most effective.
- Type of US: Appetitive (positive) and aversive (negative) USs impact conditioning differently.
- Intensity of CS: More intense CS leads to faster conditioning.
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
Investigated by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning involves learning voluntary responses through consequences.
Example:
A rat learns to press a lever to receive food: lever pressing is the operant response, and food is the reinforcer.
Reinforcement Types
- Positive Reinforcement: Pleasant stimuli that strengthen responses.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removal of unpleasant stimuli increases response likelihood.
Key Learning Processes
Reinforcement
The crucial role of reinforcement is to increase response rates, whether through positive or negative reinforcement.
Extinction
Disappearance of a learned response happens when reinforcement is removed.
Generalisation and Discrimination
- Generalisation: Responding similarly to similar stimuli.
- Discrimination: Differentiation between stimuli leading to specific responses.
graph LR
A[Learning] --> B[Classical Conditioning]
A --> C[Operant Conditioning]
B --> D[US] --> E[UR]
B --> F[CS] --> G[CR]
C --> H[Positive Reinforcement]
C --> I[Negative Reinforcement]
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of an extinguished response after some time.
Observational Learning
Also known as social learning or modelling, observational learning occurs by watching others and emulating their behaviour. Albert Bandura's experiments highlight the impact of observing rewarded or punished behaviours on learning.
Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning focuses on mental processes rather than direct behavioural changes. Key forms include:
Insight Learning
Wolfgang Kohler demonstrated that learning could occur through sudden insights rather than trial and error. For example, chimpanzees used tools like sticks to solve problems after a moment of insight.
Latent Learning
Edward Tolman's experiments with rats showed that learning could happen without immediate reinforcement, termed latent learning. Rats formed cognitive maps of mazes without rewards, displaying learned behaviours when reinforcement was later provided.
Verbal Learning
Verbal learning, which involves associating words and phrases, is unique to humans. Methods to study it include:
Paired-Associates Learning
Participants learn pairs of words and recall the second word upon presentation of the first.
Serial Learning
Learning lists of items in a specific sequence, requiring the recall of items in their presented order.
Free Recall
Participants recall items in any order, with studies showing a better recall for words at the beginning or end of lists.
Skill Learning
Skills are abilities to perform complex tasks smoothly. Skill acquisition follows phases:
- Cognitive Phase: Understanding and memorising instructions.
- Associative Phase: Linking sensory inputs with responses.
- Autonomous Phase: Automatic and errorless performance through practice.
Factors Facilitating Learning
Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing every response leads to faster learning but quicker extinction.
- Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcing some responses leads to more resistant learning.
Motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations drive learning, enhancing persistence and effort.
Preparedness for Learning
Biological constraints affect how easily organisms learn associations.
Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, impact reading, writing, and other skills despite normal intelligence. Symptoms include poor motor coordination, perceptual disorders, and hyperactivity. Remedial methods can address these challenges, helping students achieve their potential.
graph TD
K[Key Learning Processes]
K --> L[Reinforcement]
K --> M[Extinction]
K --> N[Generalisation]
K --> O[Discrimination]
K --> P[Spontaneous Recovery]
Conclusion
Understanding learning processes, types, and factors can significantly enhance academic performance. Make use of this comprehensive guide to navigate and master the complexities of learning, preparing yourself for academic challenges and beyond.
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