Thinking - Class 11 Psychology - Chapter 7 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Explain the nature of thinking.
Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities or processes unique to humans. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. Thinking entails going beyond basic observations to create new meanings and relate information to existing knowledge. It operates through abstracting, reasoning, imagining, problem-solving, judging, and decision-making. Organized and goal-directed, thinking is inferred from behaviors such as those seen in a chess player pondering a move. It is fundamentally an internal mental process critical for interpreting and interacting with the world.
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How is language acquired in human beings?
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Complete Guide to Thinking Class 11 Notes: Concepts, Processes, and Strategies
Thinking is a core area in psychology and is essential for understanding cognitive development. This guide will help Class 11 students grasp the various aspects of thinking covered in their syllabus, from the nature of thinking to creative strategies and the relationship between language and thought.
Introduction
Thinking encompasses a wide range of cognitive processes, such as problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and creative thinking. It involves the manipulation and analysis of information to interpret the world and make informed decisions.
Nature of Thinking
Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities and processes. It is unique to human beings and involves manipulating and analysing information from the environment. For instance, when you see a painting, you are not just looking at colours and strokes but interpreting its meaning by relating it to your existing knowledge. This higher mental process helps us create new meanings and reach goals effectively.
Building Blocks of Thought
Mental Images
Mental images are visual representations of objects, places, or events. For example, when asked to imagine a cat sitting on a tree, you form a visual image of the scenario. Mental images are crucial for activities like drawing maps or solving spatial problems.
Concepts
Concepts help us categorise and organise knowledge. When we see an apple, we identify it as a fruit. Concepts make our thought processes efficient by allowing quick access to information.
Processes of Thinking
Problem Solving
Problem-solving is goal-directed thinking. It involves identifying a problem, representing it, planning a solution, evaluating solutions, and executing the best one. Obstacles like mental set and lack of motivation can hinder problem-solving.
Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning: This involves drawing specific conclusions based on a general assumption. For example, if all humans need oxygen and John is a human, then John needs oxygen.
Inductive Reasoning: This involves making generalisations based on specific observations. For example, if you observe that the sun rises every morning, you conclude that the sun rises daily.
Decision-Making
Decision-making requires choosing among several alternatives based on evaluating the cost and benefit of each option. Unlike problem-solving, in decision-making, all solutions are already known, and one has to select the best one.
Creative Thinking
Creative thinking involves producing novel and original ideas or solutions. It’s characterised by novelty, originality, and appropriateness in a particular context.
Stages of Creative Thinking:
- Preparation: Understanding the task or problem.
- Incubation: Period of subconscious processing.
- Illumination: The "Aha!" moment when a solution appears.
- Verification: Testing and evaluating the solution.
Strategies for Enhancing Creative Thinking:
- Be aware of your surroundings and notice anomalies.
- Generate multiple ideas and solutions.
- Use techniques like brainstorming to enhance fluency and flexibility.
Thought and Language
Language as Determinant of Thought: The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that language determines the content of thought. For example, having multiple words for different types of snow can help Inuit people think differently about snow compared to someone who knows only one word for snow.
Thought as Determinant of Language: Psychologist Jean Piaget argued that thought precedes language. Children form internal representations through thinking, which may be expressed later through language.
Different Origins of Language and Thought: Lev Vygotsky stated that thought and language develop separately until about two years of age, after which they merge.
Development of Language and its Use
Language is a complex system unique to humans. It involves symbols, rules, and communication. Children typically go through stages like babbling, one-word speech, and telegraphic speech before mastering a language. Bilingualism and multilingualism can enhance cognitive and linguistic capabilities.
Review Questions and Activities
- What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?
- Explain the stages of creative thinking.
- How does language influence thought according to the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
- Describe a cognitive obstacle to effective problem-solving.
- What are some strategies to enhance creative thinking?
Summary
Understanding the nature and processes of thinking is essential for cognitive development. From problem-solving to creative thinking and the intricate relationship between language and thought, this guide covers all essential topics for Class 11 students.
This comprehensive guide provides detailed notes on the various aspects of thinking, aiming to help Class 11 students understand and excel in their psychology subject.
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