Tissues - Class 9 Science - Chapter 6 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Back Questions - Tissues | NCERT | Science | Class 9
Define the term "tissue".
A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular function. In multicellular organisms, tissues are crucial for performing specific functions efficiently. Each tissue type specializes in certain tasks, leading to the division of labour within the body. Examples of tissues include blood, muscle, and nerve tissues in animals, and parenchyma, xylem, and phloem in plants.
How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
The xylem tissue is made up of four types of elements:
Tracheids
Vessels
Xylem parenchyma
Xylem fibers
These elements together perform the function of transporting water and minerals vertically through the plant, and also provide structural support .
How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Simple tissues in plants consist of a single type of cells, which work together as a unit. Complex tissues, on the other hand, comprise of different types of cells. Here's a brief comparison:
Simple Tissues | Complex Tissues |
---|---|
Parenchyma | Xylem |
Collenchyma | Phloem |
Sclerenchyma | |
Made up of similar cells | Made up of different cell types |
Mainly for storage, secretion, and photosynthesis | Involved in transport of water, nutrients, and food |
Simple tissues are generally involved in the storage, secretion, and photosynthesis. These tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma . Complex tissues like xylem and phloem have a specific function, which is the transport of water, nutrients, and food within the plant .
Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. 120 words. in table form
Certainly, here is a table differentiating parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma based on their cell wall characteristics:
Tissue Type | Cell Wall Composition | Cell Wall Thickness | Other Cell Wall Features |
---|---|---|---|
Parenchyma | Primarily composed of cellulose | Thin and flexible | Cell wall is relatively uniform in thickness |
Collenchyma | Rich in cellulose and pectin | Unevenly thickened; thicker at the corners | Provides elasticity and tensile strength; cell wall thickening facilitates support |
Sclerenchyma | Lignified (contains lignin) | Thick and rigid | Provides structural support; thickening is often extensive, making the cells hard and brittle |
What are the functions of the stomata?
Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange. They are mainly found on the underside of plant leaves, but can also be present on stems and other parts of plants. The primary functions of stomata are:
Transpiration: This is the process of water vapor loss from the inside of the leaf to the atmosphere through the stomata. It helps to pull water and nutrients up from the roots through the plant (in a process driven by capillary action and transpiration pull) and can help to cool the plant on hot days.
Gas Exchange for Photosynthesis and Respiration: Stomata allow carbon dioxide (CO₂) to enter the leaf, which is a crucial ingredient for the process of photosynthesis, where plants turn light energy into chemical energy. In exchange, oxygen (O₂), which is a byproduct of photosynthesis, is released through the stomata. They also play a role in plant respiration, where oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released.
Water Vapor Regulation: By adjusting the opening of the stomata, plants can regulate how much water vapor they lose through transpiration. This is a vital process for maintaining water balance within the plant, particularly in arid conditions.
Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
The diagram below shows the difference between the three types of muscle fibers:
Striated muscle fibers: These are also known as skeletal muscles and are under voluntary control. They appear striped or striated under the microscope due to the regular alignment of myofibrils within the muscle cells. Striated muscle fibers are typically attached to bones and are responsible for body movements.
Smooth muscle fibers: These are also referred to as involuntary muscles and are found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and the bladder. As the name suggests, they lack the striations seen in skeletal muscles. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary and are not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle fibers: Found exclusively in the heart, these fibers are responsible for pumping blood. Like striated muscles, cardiac muscles also appear striated, but they are involuntary and have a unique structure with branched, interconnected cells, enabling the heart to beat in a coordinated fashion.
What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle, also known as myocardium, has a highly specialized function. Its primary role is to contract and relax rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Here are the key features and functions of cardiac muscle:
Contraction and Relaxation: Cardiac muscle fibers contract to push blood out of the heart chambers (ventricles and atria) and relax to allow the chambers to fill with blood. This is a vital part of the cardiac cycle.
Automaticity: Cardiac muscle fibers are unique in their ability to generate their own electrical impulses. This property allows the heart to beat regularly without the need for external signals.
Rhythmicality: The muscle fibers are designed to work together seamlessly, ensuring that the heart beats in a regular, rhythmic pattern.
Endurance: Cardiac muscle has a very high density of mitochondria, which are the powerhouses of the cell. This allows for sustained aerobic metabolism and high endurance, so the heart muscle can work continuously without fatiguing.
Coordination: The cardiac muscle is coordinated by a complex electrical conduction system that includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. This ensures the sequential contraction of the atria and ventricles to maximize the efficiency of blood flow.
Adaptability: The heart's muscular tissue can adapt to various demands placed on it, such as during exercise or stress, by increasing its rate and strength of contraction.
Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. table form
Muscle Type | Striated Skeletal Muscles | Unstriated Smooth Muscles | Cardiac Muscles |
---|---|---|---|
Structure | - Have alternating light and dark bands (striations) visible under a microscope. - Composed of long, cylindrical fibers. - Multinucleated with nuclei on the periphery. | - Lack striations; smooth appearance. - Composed of spindle-shaped fibers. - Uninucleated with a single central nucleus. | - Have striations similar to skeletal muscles. - Composed of branched, interconnected fibers. - Uninucleated or binucleated with central nucleus. - Intercalated discs present. |
Site/Location | - Attached to bones by tendons. - Found throughout the body in biceps, triceps, hamstrings, etc. | - Found in the walls of internal organs such as blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder, and uterus. | - Located only in the heart. |
Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
It seems that a labeled diagram of a neuron is not available in the current data. However, I can provide a description of a neuron's structure, which may help you to understand or draw a diagram yourself.
A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, has the following parts:
Cell Body (Soma): This is the main part of the neuron where the nucleus is located, as well as other organelles.
Dendrites: These are branching structures that extend from the cell body. They receive chemical signals from other neurons and convert them into electrical signals for the neuron.
Axon: This is a long, thin fiber that transmits electrical signals away from the neuron's cell body to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Myelin Sheath: This is a fatty layer that often covers the axon, providing insulation and allowing faster signal transmission.
Nodes of Ranvier: These are gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed; they play a key role in the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
Axon Terminals (Synaptic Terminals): These are the endings of the axon, where the neuron communicates with other cells by releasing neurotransmitters.
Name the following.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
(a) The tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth is known as epithelial tissue, typically the stratified squamous epithelium.
(b) The tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans is known as tendon.
(c) The tissue that transports food in plants is known as phloem.
(d) The tissue that stores fat in our body is known as adipose tissue.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix is known as blood.
(f) Tissue present in the brain is nervous tissue, which includes neurons and neuroglia (or glial cells).
Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
The tissues mentioned can be categorized based on the types found in animals and plants, respectively.
Skin: In animals, skin is composed of multiple layers including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The outermost layer, the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue, which serves a protective role. Below it, the dermis is primarily made up of connective tissue, containing collagen and elastin fibers, blood vessels, and nerves, amongst other structures. Thus, the skin is primarily composed of epithelial and connective tissue.
Bark of Tree: In plants, the bark is part of the secondary growth of the plant and includes secondary phloem and the periderm. The secondary phloem is responsible for transporting nutrients and is considered a type of vascular tissue, while the periderm functions as a protective tissue.
Bone: In animals, bone is a hard connective tissue that provides structural support for the body and protects various organs. It is made up of osteocytes (bone cells) embedded in a matrix that is rich in calcium phosphate, making it strong and rigid.
Lining of Kidney Tubule: The lining of the kidney tubule is composed of epithelial tissue. This tissue has specialized cells that help in the filtration and absorption processes during the formation of urine.
Vascular Bundle: In plants, the vascular bundle is a type of complex tissue consisting of xylem and phloem. Xylem is responsible for the transportation of water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant, whereas phloem carries the food produced by photosynthesis to all parts of the plant. The vascular bundle is crucial for the transportation of fluids and nutrients within the plant.
Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Parenchyma tissue is present in various regions of a plant, primarily where storage, photosynthesis, or healing and repair are involved. It is found in the cortex and pith of stems, in the mesophyll of leaves, beneath the epidermis (as palisade and spongy mesophyll cells), and within the root cortex. Parenchyma also constitutes the bulk of the fruit and storage organs and parts of flowers, making it a key tissue for plant function and structure.
What is the role of epidermis in plant
The epidermis in plants has several key roles and functions, which include:
Protection: The epidermis serves as the outermost layer of cells and is the primary protective barrier against environmental factors such as pathogens, insects, and physical damage.
Control of Water Loss: It regulates the amount of water lost to the environment through transpiration, thanks to the presence of a waxy layer known as the cuticle that covers the epidermis of aerial parts of the plant.
Gas Exchange: The epidermis has specialized structures called stomata, which are small openings that can open and close to control gas exchange. Stomata allow for the release of oxygen and uptake of carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis, as well as for transpiration.
Light Absorption: In some plants, the epidermis cells can also contain chloroplasts and aid in light absorption for photosynthesis, especially in the leaves.
Secretion: Some epidermal cells can secrete substances, such as resins, fragrances, or oils, which can have roles in attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, or preventing the growth of competing plants (allelopathy).
Absorption: In roots, the epidermis is responsible for the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. The root hair cells, which are an extension of the root epidermal cells, increase the surface area for absorption.
Sensory Functions: The epidermis may contain certain cells that are sensitive to environmental factors such as light, touch, gravity, or chemicals, aiding the plant in responding to its environment.
How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
The cork acts as a protective tissue in plants by forming a thick, impermeable barrier that shields the underlying tissues. It consists of dead cells compactly arranged without intercellular spaces, and their walls are impregnated with suberin. This chemical substance imparts waterproof qualities to the cork, making it impervious to gases and water, thereby effectively preventing water loss and protecting against external threats.
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The properties of parenchyma include:
A. They are live cells.
B. Parenchyma of stems and roots store nutrients and water.
C. It consists of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell walls.
D. All of the above.
The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Parenchyma tissue is identified as a simple and permanent tissue found in plants. The main characteristics of parenchyma cells include:
Living cells: Parenchyma cells are alive at maturity, facilitating various life processes within plant tissues.
Storage function: In the stems and roots, parenchyma cells often store nutrients and water, contributing to the plant's overall nutrient and hydration economy.
Structure: These cells are typically unspecialized, featuring thin cell walls and large intercellular spaces. This structural aspect supports their various functions including storage and gas exchange.
Special types of parenchyma cells exist based on their specific functions:
Chlorenchyma: Contains chloroplasts and is essential in photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma: Characterized by large air spaces to facilitate gas exchange, especially in aquatic plants.
Prosenchyma: Pronounced in their role in the storage of nutrients.
Collectively, these points confirm that option D. All of the above encompasses all correct properties of parenchyma.
Longest skeletal muscle
The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius muscle. This muscle is typically strap-like and can reach a length of up to $600 \text{ mm}$. It is noteworthy for containing five to seven neurovascular compartments, each equipped with a neuromuscular endplate zone.
Prepare food and _______________ transport food to all parts of the plant.
A Leaves and xylem
B Roots and xylem
C Leaves and phloem
D Roots and phloem
The correct option is C: Leaves and phloem.
The leaves of a plant are the primary sites where food is synthesized through a process known as photosynthesis. After the food is prepared, it is distributed to all parts of the plant through the phloem.
Hypodermis is a layer of tissue found under the epidermis. What kind of cells are likely to make up the hypodermis?
A Parenchyma
B Collenchyma
C Sclerenchyma
D Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma
The correct answer is B. Collenchyma.
The hypodermis primarily serves as a supportive tissue layer found beneath the epidermis. It is crucial in maintaining the plant's structural integrity. The principal function of this layer is to provide mechanical support. Given that the hypodermis is not a dead tissue part, it cannot predominantly consist of sclerenchyma, which typically provides more rigid support through heavily lignified walls in mature dead cells.
Instead, collenchyma cells are suitable for making up the hypodermis. These cells are characterized by their thicker cell walls, partially lignified, allowing them to impart sufficient mechanical strength while retaining some flexibility, essential for supporting growing areas of the plant. Therefore, collenchyma is the most appropriate type of cell for the constitution of the hypodermis.
What is:
- TENDONS
- LIGAMENTS
- CARTILAGE
- ADIPOSE TISSUE
- AEROLAR TISSUE
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Tendons: These are tough, inelastic, and cord-like structures that function to connect muscles to bones. Tendons are primarily composed of white fibrous tissues.
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Ligaments: Known for their high elasticity and strength, ligaments possess minimal matrix and are responsible for connecting bones to other bones. They are made up of both yellow and white fibrous tissues.
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Cartilage: This is a flexible connective tissue found in areas such as joints, rib cages, ears, and noses. Cartilage acts as a shock absorber, cushioning joints and bones during movement.
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Adipose Tissue: This tissue type is essentially an accumulation of fat cells, which are typically round or oval. Each cell contains a large fat droplet that nearly fills the cell. Adipose tissue is located beneath the skin, between internal organs, and in yellow bone marrow. It functions to insulate the body (regulating body temperature) and provides a protective cushion around organs like the kidneys and eyeball.
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Areolar Tissue: Found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves, and filling spaces inside organs. Areolar tissue serves several functions:
- It acts as a support and packing material between organs in bodily cavities.
- It aids in tissue repair after an injury.
- It helps attach the skin to underlying muscles.
Areolar tissue is a crucial component for both structural and repair mechanisms in the body.
How many chambers does the human heart contain, and what are they?
The human heart is composed of four chambers: these include two atria and two ventricles.
Match the parts of the cartilage with their names:
A. Chondrocytes
B. Chondrin
C. Perichondrium
To address the question of matching cartilage parts with their corresponding names, let's consider the following information:
-
Perichondrium - This refers to the outer covering layer of cartilage. It is a dense, fibrous membrane that envelops all cartilage except that present in joints.
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Chondrocytes - These are the cells of cartilage responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilaginous matrix, predominantly made of collagen and proteoglycans.
-
Chondrin - This term is used to describe the matrix of the cartilage, which embeds and supports the chondrocytes.
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A specific detail about cartilage structure is that chondrocytes are housed in cartilage lacunae, which are cavities within the chondrin matrix.
"The tissues of the nervous system are derived from which germ layer?
A) Mesoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) All of the above"
The correct option is C): Ectoderm.
Explanation of the correct option:
- Neural tissues, which include the brain, spinal cord, nerve cells, and neuroglia, originate from the ectoderm. This is the outermost germ layer of the developing embryo.
- The ectoderm also forms the epidermal tissues of the skin and the linings of various openings such as the mouth, anus, and nostrils, as well as hair and nails.
Explanation of the incorrect options:
-
Option A: Mesoderm
- The mesoderm is responsible for the formation of muscles, blood vessels, connective tissues, the skeletal system, the heart, and the urogenital system.
-
Option B: Endoderm
- The endoderm gives rise to the internal linings of the alimentary canal and the respiratory tract.
Final Answer: The tissues of the nervous system are derived from the ectoderm.
Nervous tissue is derived from which of the following embryonic germ layer?
A. endoderm
B. ectoderm
C. mesoderm
D. all of the above
The correct answer is B. ectoderm.
During the early stages of embryonic development, the process of gastrulation occurs where a hollow cluster of cells, known as the blastula, reorganizes into three primary germ layers: the inner layer (endoderm), the middle layer (mesoderm), and the outer layer (ectoderm). The ectoderm is responsible for forming several key structures in the developing embryo, including the epidermis, nerve tissue, and nephridia. Thus, nervous tissue specifically is derived from the ectoderm germ layer.
Which among the following epithelial tissue forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support?
A. Ciliated columnar
B. Squamous
C. Columnar
D. Cuboidal
The correct answer is D. Cuboidal.
Simple cuboidal epithelium comprises cells that are cube-like in shape, appearing somewhat squarish. These cells typically have rounded nuclei located centrally within the cell. This type of tissue is specifically found lining the kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it serves to provide mechanical support.
Which of the following is a lack of blood supply?
- Bone 2) Cartilage 3) Connective Tissue 4) All of the given options
Cartilage is the correct answer as it lacks blood supply. Cartilage is avascular, meaning it does not contain blood vessels, and it is aneural (contains no nerves). Nutrients are supplied to cartilage cells (chondrocytes) through a process called diffusion. The movement created by the compression of articular cartilage or the flexion of elastic cartilage helps in the flow of fluids, which aids this diffusion process to the chondrocytes.
Identify the following Epithelial Tissue and select the correct option by name:
A) 1. Columnar, 2. Columnar Ciliated, 3. Squamous, 4. Cuboidal.
B) 1. Squamous, 2. Cuboidal, 3. Columnar, 4. Ciliated Columnar.
C) 1. Ciliated Columnar, 2. Squamous, 3. Cuboidal, 4. Columnar.
D) 1. Cuboidal, 2. Columnar, 3. Columnar Ciliated, 4. Squamous.
The correct answer is Option B:
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Ciliated Columnar
These epithelial types are classified based on the shape and characteristics of their cells:
- Squamous Simple Epithelial Tissue: This consists of a single layer of flat cells with embossed nuclei that appear squeezed between the wider surfaces of the cells.
- Cuboidal Simple Epithelial Tissue: This is characterized by a single layer of cube-shaped cells, making the height and width of these cells approximately equal.
- Columnar Simple Epithelial Tissue: This epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall and slender cells, resembling columns.
- Ciliated Columnar Simple Epithelial Tissue: Similar to columnar cells, but with cilia (tiny hair-like structures) on their free surface, which helps in movement of particles or fluids over the cell surface.
The tissue which makes the plants hard and stiff is:
A) Parenchyma
B) Chlorenchyma
C) Collenchyma
D) Sclerenchyma.
To determine which tissue makes plants hard and stiff, let's analyze the options provided:
Parenchyma: This tissue is known for being quite soft. It plays a crucial role in storing nutrients and also participates in photosynthesis in leaves. Given its softer nature and function mainly in storage and photosynthesis, it does not contribute to making plants hard and stiff.
Chlorenchyma: While not a direct option here, it's noteworthy as a type of parenchyma containing chlorophyll, involved primarily in photosynthesis and also quite soft. Thus, it is not associated with providing stiffness.
Collenchyma: This tissue offers flexibility and mechanical support to plants. Although collenchyma helps in protecting and providing strength, it particularly contributes to flexibility rather than making the plant hard and stiff.
Sclerenchyma: This tissue is composed of thick-walled and dead cells, making it highly suitable for structural support. Sclerenchyma cells contribute to the hardness and stiffness of plants by forming the tough outer coverings such as bark and also enhancing the plant's internal structure for protection.
Given the roles of these tissues, the correct answer is:
D) Sclerenchyma.
Sclerenchyma tissues are primarily responsible for making the plants hard and stiff due to their composition and function in the plant's structure.
The lining of oesophagus and mouth is covered with which type of tissues?
A. Cuboidal epithelium
B. Squamous epithelium
C. Columnar epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
Let's go through each option provided:
Cuboidal epithelium - This type of epithelium is primarily found in small ducts of kidneys, pancreas, and salivary glands. It is involved in secretion and absorption. Thus, it is not correct for the lining of the esophagus and mouth.
Squamous epithelium - Squamous epithelium lines lymphatic and blood vessels and is responsible for secreting various substances. Again, this is not the correct answer as it doesn't match the lining for the esophagus and mouth.
Columnar epithelium - Typically found in the stomach, intestines, and large intestine, columnar epithelial cells are involved in secreting mucus and enzymes. This type also does not fit our needs for the esophagus and mouth lining.
Stratified squamous epithelium - This is the correct tissue type for the lining of the mouth and esophagus. It is known for providing protection against mechanical stresses, such as scraping, and helps prevent water loss.
The correct answer is:
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
This type of tissue effectively covers and protects the inner surface of the mouth and esophagus, suitable for their functions and exposure to food and other elements.
Connective tissue found in vitreous humour of eye and umbilical cord of newborn babies:
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Mucous tissue
Elastic tissue
The correct option is C: Mucous tissue
Mucous connective tissue is found in the vitreous humour of the eye and the umbilical cord of newborns. This tissue is also known as Wharton's jelly. The matrix of this tissue is gelatinous and slippery because of the presence of mucopolysaccharides and semi-solids.
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Tissues: Notes, Types, and Functions
Tissues are an essential component of biology, especially for Class 9 students. Understanding the various types of tissues and their functions is crucial for grasping complex biological concepts. This article aims to provide a detailed guide on tissues, based on the Class 9 syllabus.
Overview of Tissues
What are Tissues?
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a specific function. In multicellular organisms, tissues help in carrying out specialized tasks efficiently.
Importance of Tissues in Multicellular Organisms
In multicellular organisms, specialized cells form tissues to carry out specific functions like contraction, protection, transport, etc., more efficiently than individual cells would.
Types of Plant Tissues
Meristematic Tissues
Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells. These tissues are found in the growth regions of the plant.
Types of Meristematic Tissues:
Apical Meristem: Located at the tips of roots and shoots, involved in the primary growth of the plant.
Lateral Meristem: Found in the vascular and cork cambium, responsible for secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Located near the nodes and helps in the elongation of the internodes.
Permanent Tissues
Permanent tissues originate from meristematic tissues and lose their ability to divide. They are differentiated into simple and complex tissues.
Simple Permanent Tissues:
Parenchyma: These are unspecialized living cells with thin cell walls. They store food and provide support.
Collenchyma: These tissues provide mechanical support and flexibility. They have irregularly thickened cell walls.
Sclerenchyma: Composed of dead cells with thick walls, they provide hardness and structural support.
Complex Permanent Tissues:
Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plant.
Phloem: Transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Types of Animal Tissues
Epithelial Tissues
These tissues form the covering or lining of organs and cavities. They have tightly packed cells with minimal intercellular spaces.
Types of Epithelial Tissues:
Squamous Epithelium: Thin and flat cells, found in the alveoli and blood vessels.
Cuboidal Epithelium: Cube-shaped cells, found in kidney tubules.
Columnar Epithelium: Tall, pillar-like cells, found in the intestine lining.
Ciliated Epithelium: Columnar cells with cilia, found in the respiratory tract.
Glandular Epithelium: Specialized for secretion, like in glands.
Connective Tissues
Connective tissues provide structural support and connect different parts of the body.
Types of Connective Tissues:
Blood: A fluid tissue that transports nutrients, gases, and waste.
Bone: Provides structural framework and support.
Cartilage: Provides flexibility and support at joints.
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.
Ligaments: Connect bones to bones.
Adipose Tissue: Stores fat and provides insulation.
Muscular Tissues
Muscular tissues are responsible for movement.
Types of Muscular Tissues:
Striated Muscles (Skeletal): Voluntary movement, attached to bones.
Smooth Muscles: Involuntary movement, found in internal organs.
Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary control, found in the heart.
Nervous Tissues
Nervous tissues are specialized for transmitting signals. They consist of neurons that carry nerve impulses.
Key Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues
Structural and Functional Adaptations
Plant Tissues: Mainly concerned with support and transportation (e.g., xylem and phloem).
Animal Tissues: Diverse and specialized to perform functions like movement, protection, and signal transmission.
Practical Applications and Activities
Observing Plant Tissues
Activity 1: Examine root growth by placing onion bulbs in water jars and observing root development.
Activity 2: Study cross-sections of plant stems under the microscope.
Observing Animal Tissues
Activity 1: Investigate blood cells using a microscope.
Activity 2: Compare different types of muscle fibers.
Conclusion
Summary of Key Points
Understanding tissues and their functions is fundamental in biology. This guide provides comprehensive notes on plant and animal tissues, detailed enough to aid Class 9 students in their studies.
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